On the last day of 2009, the state of Missouri gave $19.6 million to developer Paul McKee.
It came in the form of tax credits, from a program never before used, to pay back some of the cost of the land McKee spent five years secretly buying in north St. Louis.
It was a good day for McKee, and for his hugely ambitious $8.1 billion NorthSide project.
It was also a good day for his bankers.
Because after McKee sold the tax credits for cash, he used the money not on NorthSide itself but to pay down his debt, mostly to the small Washington, Mo., bank that is his primary lender on the project.
Yet nearly half of the $19.6 million was reimbursement for interest and fees already paid to lenders. In a sense, the bank got some added protection and a quick payback.
This is exactly how the new tax credit program was intended to work, supporters say. The credits provided the backup a bank needed to see before accepting the risk of financing a long, complex process of assembling land in beleaguered north St. Louis neighborhoods.
"We’ve got to understand, these are high-risk loan areas," said Missouri Sen. John Griesheimer, who pushed the Distressed Areas Land Assemblage tax credit in the Capitol. "This is where bankers and developers don’t want to go."
But the way the program has worked so far speaks to the heart of a lawsuit against it to be heard this week in Cole County. The tax credits won’t create jobs, said attorney Irene Smith. They won’t build buildings or generate any other public good, at least not directly.
"You’re basically just incentivizing the collection of land," she said. "You’re not incentivizing any development."
When state lawmakers established the program in 2007, they designed it to encourage lending on a speculative project such as NorthSide, something risky that might take years to pan out. Indeed, many say it was written specifically for McKee.
Griesheimer, a Republican from Washington, Mo., chairs the Senate’s economic development committee and helped author the credit. Early on in that process, he said in a recent interview, the senator consulted with McKee and with L.B. Eckelkamp, a constituent of his and chief executive of McKee’s primary lender, the Bank of Washington.
They met, Griesheimer said, "to explain what they needed." And after talking with a few other experts, he inserted the tax credit program, worth $95 million, into a massive state economic development bill. It had the vocal support of Lt. Gov. Peter Kinder, St. Louis Mayor Francis Slay and St. Louis County Executive Charlie Dooley. And it passed.
The measure included a 100 percent reimbursement for money spent on interest and loan fees to buy at least 50 acres of land in low-income neighborhoods, and a 50 percent reimbursement for the cost of land itself. It was structured that way, Griesheimer said, to protect any banker willing to take a chance on a major project such as this. It was, he said, the only way NorthSide would happen.
"It was a very high-risk area," he said. "The banks and everybody wanted to make sure that they’re going to recoup at least some of their losses, some of their money."
Indeed, beyond a $27 million loan from the Bank of Washington, McKee has struggled to attract lenders, even with the support of the tax credits. He has pitched NorthSide to a number of local banks, but none has publicly committed to him.
The Bank of Washington’s money did not come cheap. Since 2005, McKee’s NorthSide Regeneration has paid at least $9.25 million in interest and fees on loans held by the bank, according to documents obtained from the Missouri Department of Economic Development under state open records laws. Another $529,000 in interest went to a small Illinois bank that’s now defunct. Now, every cent of that has been reimbursed by the state.
In a recent e-mail, McKee acknowledged that his interest costs were high. But so, he argued, was the risk.
"The loans were unique," McKee wrote. "They were the only loans made in decades for large-scale site development in north St. Louis that were not backed by government guarantees."
Once he sold the tax credits in January, McKee used the proceeds to pay a substantial portion of his debt. The bank "required a pay down," he wrote, and it makes sense for the project. Paying off debt will reduce interest payments — which were nearly $3.8 million last year — and free up cash for actual redevelopment.
But some say all this focus on protecting lenders reflects misplaced priorities.
"Half of the money is going to pay interest on loans," Smith said. "What public benefit do we gain from a tax credit being used to pay someone’s interest?"
That question will be up to a judge.
Smith said she planned to focus her case on the constitutionality of the tax credits, an issue, she says, that’s never been thoroughly vetted in court. It’s a fairly narrow legal question, Smith said, and she expects the trial, set for Wednesday, to be brief.
In the mean time, McKee continues to buy property in north St. Louis.
His tax credit application says he has spent $25.1 million on 98 acres across two square miles near downtown. It estimates another $66 million in land-buying costs to come. And there’s still about $75 million in the pot of money available through the Distressed Areas credit; McKee’s financial plans project his getting nearly all of it.
Even the program’s critics express little surprise in how it’s been used so far. In floor debate three years ago, Sen. Brad Lager, R-Savannah, raised questions about so much reimbursement for borrowing costs and whether the state should spend $95 million on this sort of project. But he lost that debate.
"And right, wrong, or indifferent, they’re using the credit exactly how it was written," Lager said recently. As for whether it will work, he said: "Only time will be the judge."
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Dell shares fell more than 5% in after-hours trading, after the computer maker reported a 5% drop in fourth-quarter earnings Thursday.
The Texas-based company beat Wall Street’s expectations, however, on solid sales across all its segments as businesses started spending on IT again.
Net income dropped to $334 million, or 17 cents per share, compared with $351 million, or 18 cents per share a year ago.
Results included a one-time charge of 11 cents per share for special items, mainly related to the company’s $3.9 billion acquisition of Perot Systems in November. Without the charge, Dell (DELL, Fortune 500) said it earned 28 cents per share. Analysts polled by Thomson Financial, who typically exclude one-time items from their estimates, were looking for 27 cents.
Sales rose 11% to $14.9 billion from $13.4 billion last year, beating analysts’ forecast of $13.85 billion.
In a conference call with analysts following the results, chief financial officer Brian Gladden and Dell chairman and CEO Michael Dell said they expect to see an uptick in commercial sales in the next year and continuing into fiscal 2011 as businesses upgrade to Windows 7.
Gladden said the company is focused on cutting overhead and manufacturing costs and in simplifying its supply chain. Last year, Dell announced plans to trim expenses by $4 billion annually by the end of fiscal 2011. Gladden noted that in the last two years, Dell had consolidated its manufacturing facilities to six from 11.
"Ongoing competitor pressure and economic realities never stop, and we can’t either," he said in the call. "We’re moving into the next phase of our transformation."
While Dell’s financials beat analyst expectations, the news comes with a mixed bag of concerns such as high consumer sales with lower margins, and tight commodity prices, said Shannon Cross, an analyst with Cross Research. On the upside, the company is investing in key growth areas, she said.
"The biggest concern is a lack of leverage in the model," she said. "People had hoped to see more of that revenue upside fall through to the bottom line."
Segment by segment
Analysts say trends point to a hardware-driven uptick in IT spending during the recent holiday months. Notebook and desktop computer sales together account for more than half of Dell’s revenue.
Dell reported a 16% year-over-year jump in laptop sales and a 3% drop in revenue from desktops.
Overall, consumer sales were up 11%. That’s better than expected, Gladden said in the conference call. That said, operating margins in the consumer segment were below a target 1% to 2%, due to holiday discounts, he noted.
Software sales from Dell’s third largest division were flat. Meanwhile server sales rose 26%, while sales in Dell’s tech services division were up 51%, year-over-year.
The company’s acquisition of Perot Systems in November marked a strategic shift toward ramping up its technology services market share and taking on Hewlett-Packard (HPQ, Fortune 500) and IBM (IBM, Fortune 500).
Revenue from Dell’s public business unit jumped 16% to $3.8 billion, with sales from services more than doubling, due in large part from the Perot addition.
Dell’s number one rival HP reported results Wednesday that blew past Wall Street’s expectations. The company said earnings jumped 25% on 8% rise in sales.
"HP had a lot more room to cut costs that Dell did, and HP has seen far more of the revenue upside fall through to their bottom line. HP is more focused on the consumer, so they’ve benefited from consumer strength more than Dell has," Cross pointed out.
For the full year, Dell reported a 42% drop in earnings and a 13% drop in sales over the year before.
Money is overrated: In fact, pay has little, if anything at all, to do with motivation in the workplace. That’s the controversial argument put forth by best-selling author Daniel Pink in his new book, Drive: The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us (Riverhead Books). "Pay for performance has to be exposed as folklore," he says.
Pink contends that, provided employees receive a baseline level of compensation, three other factors matter more than moola: a sense of autonomy, of mastery over one’s labor, and of serving a purpose larger than oneself.
One case in point: the results-only work environment at Best Buy’s Richfield, Minn., corporate offices. Beginning in 2008, salaried workers there were allowed to shape their work day, putting in only as many hours as they felt necessary to get their jobs done. Productivity increased by 35% and turnover fell sharply, according to The Harvard Business Review.
Hmmm. There may be something in all this — but the executives at Goldman Sachs (GS, Fortune 500) aren’t exactly busting a gut to adjust. Like others on Wall Street, the banking giant, which is expected to earn $6 per share in the fourth quarter, argues that fat bonuses are crucial to making its numbers.
Responds Pink, in a now common refrain: That’s precisely the attitude that led to the recent financial meltdown, as traders and mortgage brokers focused on short-term rewards that encouraged "cheating, shortcuts, and unethical behavior."
Moreover, the 45-year-old author and former Al Gore speechwriter cites social-science experiments and experiences at such workplaces as Google (GOOG, Fortune 500), JetBlue (JBLU), 3M (MMM, Fortune 500), online shoe retailer Zappos, and software companies Meddius and Atlassian.
In one 2005 experiment he describes, economists working for the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston tested the power of incentives by offering monetary rewards to those who did well in games that included recalling a string of numbers and tossing tennis balls at a target. The researchers’ finding: Over and over, higher incentives led to worse performance — and those given the highest incentives fared worst of all.
From this and other cases, Pink deduces that monetary inducements remove the element of play and creativity, transforming "an interesting task into a drudge." It’s even possible, he elaborates, for outsized rewards to have dangerous side effects, like those of a drug dependency in which a recipient requires ever larger doses. He cites neuroscientific testing that shows the promise of cash rewards activates a chemical surge in the brain similar to that brought on by cocaine or nicotine.
Pink says his approach isn’t just for knowledge workers — it can motivate even those doing less creative work. He points to Zappos, where call-center employees are not given scripts and are instead instructed to handle relations with customers in whatever way they think best. Turnover, ordinarily high at call centers, is minimal at Zappos.
Pink is aware that his company examples — no GE, no IBM, no Microsoft — hardly represent the commanding heights of the economy. But he thinks his approach will catch on, even in the biggest outfits. "Executives tend to be pragmatic, and in time they will respond," he says.
Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond President Jeffrey Lacker said the U.S. economy will probably expand at “a reasonable pace” this year on growth in spending by households and businesses.
“Housing should continue to recover from a very depressed state, consumers should gradually expand spending, business investment should make something of a comeback,” Lacker said today in remarks to the Maryland Bankers Association in Linthicum, Maryland. Even with a resumption in growth, “the level of economic activity will disappoint many people for quite some time,” he added.
Fed Chairman Ben S. Bernanke and his fellow policy makers have left the benchmark lending rate in a range of zero to 0.25 percent since December 2008 to revive lending and end the worst recession since the Great Depression.
Policy makers will need to “choose carefully when and how rapidly” to remove monetary stimulus, Lacker said without indicating his own views on the timing.
The risk of a “pronounced” reduction in inflation has diminished, Lacker said.
“During the recovery period ahead we may face an increasing risk of inflation edging upward, which has sometimes occurred during past recoveries,” he said. “While that risk appears to be minimal at this point, we will have to be careful as the recovery unfolds to keep inflation and inflation expectations from drifting around.”
Not Strong Enough
Growth hasn’t been strong enough to reduce the unemployment rate. The U.S. lost 85,000 jobs in December after revisions showed payrolls increased the prior month for the first time in almost two years, a report today from the Labor Department showed. The jobless rate held at 10 percent.
The U.S. Congress has mandated that the Fed pursue low inflation and full employment. The 7.2 million drop in payrolls over the past two years has been the biggest decline as a percentage of total jobs since the end of World War II.
“The labor market could conceivably recover more slowly than many expect, which would restrain consumer spending and dampen growth,” Lacker said. “But household incomes and household confidence could conceivably rebound more vigorously than many expect, in which case consumer spending could expand more briskly.”
Services Expanded
Service industries expanded in December, with the Institute of Supply Management’s index of non-manufacturing businesses rising to 50.1 percent from 48.7 percent in November. Manufacturing last month expanded at the fastest pace in more than three years, the ISM said in a separate report.
The economy probably expanded at a 4 percent annual rate in the fourth quarter, according to a Bloomberg News survey.
Federal Open Market Committee members maintained an outlook for “moderate growth and subdued inflation” in 2010, minutes of their Dec easy online payday loans. 15-16 meeting showed. “A moderate pace of expansion would imply slow improvement in the labor market next year, with unemployment declining only gradually,” the minutes said.
The U.S. central bank’s efforts to restore liquidity and credit have resulted in the expansion of its balance sheet to $2.24 trillion in total assets, up from $858 billion at the start of 2007. As a result of the Fed’s direct purchases of $1.7 trillion in mortgage-backed, federal agency, and Treasury bonds, banks now hold more than $1 trillion in reserves in excess of what they are required to hold against deposits.
No ‘Huge’ Increase
Lacker said he doesn’t expect the conclusion of Fed purchases of mortgage-backed securities scheduled for the end of March to lead to a “huge” increase in mortgage rates.
Central bankers are now discussing how they will eventually exit their low-rate policy and drain excess cash in the banking system to head off inflation. The timing of such moves depends on economic performance, the minutes showed.
“A few members” suggested “it might become desirable” to expand the scale of asset purchases and continue them beyond the first quarter if the outlook for growth weakened or mortgage markets deteriorated, the minutes said. One member thought the purchases could be scaled back, and said it “might become appropriate” to begin selling assets if the recovery “gains strength over time,” the minutes said.
Banks haven’t started to circulate their reserves into expanding credit. Loans and leases of commercial banks in the U.S. declined to $6.8 trillion in November from $7.2 trillion a year earlier, according to Fed data.
Criticism of Policy
Proposed congressional audits of monetary policy would lead to criticism of decisions to increase the benchmark interest rate, Lacker said to reporters. The House voted last month to approve a proposal by Representative Ron Paul, a Republican from Texas, to end a ban on audits of monetary policy over Bernanke’s warnings the measure threatens to compromise Fed independence.
“The kind of audits of recent monetary policy decisions that the Paul amendment would allow are almost certainly going to result in criticism of interest rate increases,” Lacker said. “They are going to be biased in one way.”
The central bank hasn’t “settled on an approach” on how its various tools will be used with the federal funds rate, he said. “One option you might want to consider is that our policy rate is the interest rate on excess reserves and we let the fed funds rate trade with some spread to that.”
Virginia Power is committing $4 billion over the next three years to improve and expand its electric service.
Dominion Virginia Power CEO Paul Koonce, in a letter to be included with bills sent to Virginia customers in January, outlines plans for improving service reliability and adding more renewable sources of energy.
Koonce was named chief executive in June.
"Keeping your lights on safely, efficiently and at a reasonable cost are my highest priorities,"Koonce said in the letter.
To keep up with growing demand, the company will add new, gas-fired generating units and a hybrid coal station. It is also making environmental improvements to older stations to reduce emissions.
Dominion says it is committed to meeting Virginia's goal of achieving 15 percent of its electricity sales from renewable sources by 20205, and to reducing the growth in customer demand for electricity by 10 percent over the next 12 years high quality business cards.
"Meeting these goals will be a challenge," Koonce says. "Despite the recession, customers are using more power, lending credence to the forecast that demand will rebound as the economy recovers."
Dominion Virginia Power plans to offer new energy efficiency programs this year for both residential and business customers, and digital meters are now being installed in some of its service areas.
Last summer, Dominion (NYSE: D) applied for $200 million in federal stimulus money to speed up the installation of 2.4 million smart meters.
Estate planner Richard Behrendt helped his client make $5 million loans to each of his children this year, avoiding gift taxes of 45 percent and saving the kids as much as $837,000 apiece in interest.
Rates for so-called intra-family loans have declined as much as 53 percent since 2008. “The timing of it was clearly tied to the rock bottom of these rates,” said Behrendt, who works for Robert W. Baird & Co., based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
The loans may be the perfect holiday gift to help relatives this year, according to Carol Kroch, head of wealth and financial planning at Wilmington, Delaware-based Wilmington Trust. For wealthy taxpayers, they can be used for estate planning purposes, since gains earned will be free of estate and gift taxes.
That’s because low interest rates and depressed asset values mean there’s a greater possibility that investments purchased with an intra-family loan, such as stock, will appreciate more than the loan’s cost, Kroch said.
The rate for an intra-family loan made in January 2010 for less than three years is 0.57 percent. The rate is 2.45 percent for a loan of three years to nine years and 4.11 percent for a loan of nine years or more, according to the Internal Revenue Service, which sets the rates monthly. That compares with an average rate of 10.55 percent for a personal bank loan in the New York metro area and 12.51 percent for a credit-union loan, based on data from Bankrate.com.
“The chances are they are going to go up, the only question is how fast or how soon,” said Bill Fleming, managing director of New York-based PricewaterhouseCoopers’s Private Company Services Group, referring to rates for intra-family loans.
Tax Savings
Behrendt’s client, who has a net worth of $100 million, loaned each of his three children $5 million for nine years. The children invested the money in a balanced portfolio seeking at least a 5 percent return, said Behrendt, a former estate tax attorney for the IRS.
Any amount above the 1.65 interest rate, which was the February rate, should pass to the client’s children free of estate and gift taxes, he said. The Standard & Poor’s 500 Index has increased 36 percent since February as of yesterday.
The borrowers also saved on interest costs because of the low rates. Each will owe $82,500 in interest annually, compared with $175,500 if the loan had been made in February 2008 when the rate was 3.51 percent.
Current federal law taxes estates exceeding $3.5 million for an individual or $7 million for a married couple at as much as 45 percent. Any gift to an individual of more than $13,000 annually may also be taxed as much as 45 percent with a $1 million lifetime exclusion per donor, according to the IRS.
Estate Tax
The estate tax is scheduled to expire for a year on Jan. 1 under the provisions of a tax-cut bill enacted in 2001. It comes back in 2011, taxing estates valued at more than $1 million as much as 55 percent. Senate Finance Committee Chairman Max Baucus, Democrat of Montana, has vowed to extend the estate tax in 2010 retroactively.
Lenders who are subject to the estate tax can use the loans to reduce the value of their estates because the appreciation of any investment made with the loan above the IRS rate accrues outside of the lender’s estate, said Larry Richman, chair of private wealth services at Neal, Gerber & Eisenberg LLP in Chicago.
Taxpayers with family businesses may also want to consider intra-family loans to help with the sale of the business to family members, according to David Kron, a partner in the Fort Lauderdale office of law firm Ruden McClosky.
Parents can loan their children money to buy the business and the children can repay using profits from the firm. The future appreciation and any income of the business beyond the loan amount are then considered part of the children’s, not the parents’, estate, Kron said.
‘Low-Tech’ Tool
Intra-family loans are a “low-tech” way to give money to family members because they’re easy to set up and are appropriate for anyone regardless of net worth, said Deborah L. Jacobs, author of “Estate Planning Smarts: A Practical, User- Friendly, Action-Oriented Guide,” which was published this month.
Family members should be aware the loans must be repaid in full with interest at the rate specified by the IRS. If the borrower doesn’t repay, it may be considered a gift subject to the gift tax, said Jacobs, who is based in New York.
Lenders should also consider the income tax they’ll owe on the interest received with repayment of the loan, said Kron.
‘Thanksgiving Firecracker’
Loaning money to family members may create relationship issues, said Dan Deighan of Melbourne, Florida-based Deighan Financial Advisors Inc.
“It’s like throwing a firecracker on the Thanksgiving dinner table when you bring money issues into the family dynamic,” Deighan said.
Borrowers can get “sloppy with repayments,” which is why setting up an automatic bank transfer for payments is recommended, said Fleming of PricewaterhouseCoopers.
Don Albritton, a 61-year-old executive in Longwood, Florida, gave his son $260,000 to buy a house through a 30-year intra-family loan four years ago. Albritton ended up taking the house back after his son was unable to sell it without taking a loss. Home prices have declined 17 percent since January 2005, according to the S&P/Case-Shiller index for 20 metropolitan areas.
“I’m not discouraged,” Albritton said. “I’m getting ready to make him another loan now.”
Tampa-St. Petersburg hotel occupancy rates and revenue per available room were up for the week ending Nov. 5, while the U.S. hotel industry posted declines, according to national lodging research firm Smith Travel Research.
Tampa-St. Petersburg’s occupancy rate increased 11.8 percent to 52.2 percent, ranking the region among the top three out of 25 markets measured, a release from STR said.
The occupancy rate in Oahu Island, Hawaii, climbed 15.3 percent to 74.7 percent, and the rate in New Orleans, La. rose 13.1 percent to 67.6 percent, the release said.
The industry’s occupancy fell 4.9 percent to end the week at 47.6 percent in year-over-year measurements, the release said no faxing payday loan.
Along with Oahu Island and New Orleans, Tampa-St. Petersburg was one of only three markets to report an increase in revenue per available room for the week. The increase in Tampa-St. Petersburg was 1.8 percent increase to $44.70.
New Orleans posted a 42.4 percent increase to $101.72, and Oahu Island posted a 7.1 percent increase to $105.87.
The industry’s revenue per available room decreased 11.9 percent to $45.86, and the average daily rate dropped 7.3 percent to $96.25, the release said.
European Central Bank President Jean- Claude Trichet is withdrawing stimulus measures faster than economists anticipated, clearing obstacles to higher interest rates next year.
The ECB’s decision yesterday to end long-term emergency loans and tighten the terms of its final 12-month tender will give greater traction to any rate increases in 2010 should policy makers deem them necessary.
“The ECB chose a quicker exit path,” said Laurent Bilke, a former ECB economist now at Nomura International Plc in London. “It’s very difficult not to think it’s the beginning of a tightening process.”
The move to tie the rate on the 12-month loans to the ECB’s key rate rather than setting a fixed rate of 1 percent means any increase in the benchmark will also affect banks’ funding costs. While Trichet said the move doesn’t signal the ECB intends to raise rates, some officials are concerned that leaving borrowing costs at a record low for too long will fuel asset bubbles and faster inflation.
Trichet spoke as Federal Reserve Chairman Ben S. Bernanke promised a “smooth” withdrawal of stimulus in the U.S. as the world’s two biggest economies pull out of recession.
Yesterday’s announcements “put the ECB in a position where it can choose to raise rates if it wants to further down the line,” said David Page, an economist at Investec Securities in London. “We’re penciling in a rate rise in the second half of next year.”
Economic Recovery
The risk for the ECB is that any indication it could raise rates sooner than the Fed may fuel further gains in the euro and undermine the region’s economic recovery.
Economists had expected the ECB to leave the rate on its 12-month tender fixed at 1 percent, according to a Bloomberg News survey. That would have made any increase in the benchmark rate next year less effective because banks would have had money at 1 percent through the end of 2010.
By setting the rate on the loans to the average of the benchmark rate over the year, “the ECB has made sure that future movements in interest rates will be reflected in banks’ funding costs,” said Colin Ellis, an economist at Daiwa Securities SMBC Ltd. in London.
Some members of the ECB’s Governing Council were against indexing the rate, fearing it would fuel market expectations of policy tightening, people familiar with the discussions told Bloomberg last week. Trichet said today the decision was not unanimous, rather reached “by consensus.”
‘Strong’ Dollar
The euro traded at $1.5081 at 7:30 p.m. in Frankfurt last night, down from $1.5123 before Trichet spoke. It fell to $1.5061 after Trichet said it’s “very important” for Europe that the U.S. has a “strong” dollar.
The euro has gained 20 percent against the greenback since mid-February, threatening to slow the region’s recovery by hurting exports same day payday loans. Daimler AG, the world’s second-largest maker of luxury cars, said yesterday it will shift some production to Alabama from Germany as it seeks to benefit from the cheaper dollar.
While the ECB raised its economic outlook, forecasting growth of 0.8 percent next year and 1.2 percent in 2011, it said price pressures remain “subdued.” Inflation is expected to average 1.3 percent next year and 1.4 percent in 2011, below the bank’s medium-term goal of just less than 2 percent.
‘No Compelling Argument’
“The new staff growth and inflation forecasts confirm that there is still no compelling argument for hiking rates,” said Marco Annunziata, an economist at UniCredit Group in London. “Trichet was emphatic in noting that the decisions on liquidity simply reflect improving market conditions and in no way signal a prospective hardening of the monetary policy stance.”
Still, the ECB is withdrawing its non-standard operations “at a somewhat quicker pace than we had expected,” said Julian Callow, an economist at Barclays Capital in London. “In our view, today’s decisions are on the hawkish side.”
ECB council member Axel Weber said yesterday it’s a “balancing act” for central banks to withdraw stimulus measures without threatening their economic recoveries.
“We’ve made it clear that we’ll gradually withdraw unconventional measures in the future,” Weber, who is also head of Germany’s Bundesbank, told ARD television. “But that doesn’t mean that we won’t use the necessary caution. There’s no need to send a signal on interest rates at the moment.”
Normal Refinancing
The changes announced by the ECB nevertheless pave the way for a return to normal refinancing operations, in which the interest rate on its loans is determined by market demand. After the collapse of Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. in September last year made banks reluctant to lend to each other, the ECB said it would lend them as much cash as they wanted at its benchmark rate.
Money-market rates have dropped, suggesting banks have become less wary of lending to each other. The Eonia overnight rate, the rate European banks charge each other for overnight loans, has declined to 0.34 percent from 2.2 percent at the start of the year.
“Once liquidity conditions normalize in the third quarter of next year, the Eonia rate is likely to move back to the refinancing rate,” said Nick Kounis, chief European economist at Fortis Bank Nederland NV in Amsterdam.
“This would pave the way for conventional monetary tightening from the autumn of next year, and we expect 50 basis points of rate hikes by the end of 2010.”
Television shopping giant QVC said Black Friday generated more than $32 million in orders - a 60 percent increase over last year’s sales.
That represents 765,000 units ordered in a 24-hour period for the shopping channel, which offers its own brand of holiday specials. Officials called its programming “the largest and most aggressive Black Friday event in the multimedia retailer’s 23-year history.” That meant lots of deals and much less talk.
QVC.com contributed 40 percent of the sales.
Top sellers included a Sylvania digital camcorder, Playhut Travel Lounger, Nintendo Wii, Olympus 5x zoom Camera.
Federal Reserve Chairman Ben S. Bernanke said a “strong case” can be made for keeping the central bank involved in bank supervision, and subjecting interest rate policy to congressional audits may undermine confidence in monetary policy. “There is a strong case for a continued role for the Federal Reserve in bank supervision,” the Fed Chairman said in a commentary released today on the Web site of the Washington Post. “Because of our role in making monetary policy, the Fed brings unparalleled economic and financial expertise to its oversight of banks.”
Bernanke has presided over the most expansive use of Fed powers since the Great Depression. While the 55-year-old Fed chairman has said he averted a financial meltdown, lawmakers have voiced concern about potential taxpayer losses and proposed the most sweeping dismantlement of Fed authority since the creation of the institution in 1913.
The Fed chairman said legislation under consideration in Congress would impair the ability of the central bank to fulfill its basic functions.
“A number of the legislative proposals being circulated would significantly reduce the capacity of the Federal Reserve to perform its core functions,” he said. “Now more than ever, America needs a strong, nonpolitical and independent central bank with the tools to promote financial stability and to help steer our economy to recovery without inflation.”
Lax Supervision
Senate Banking Committee Christopher Dodd, a Democrat from Connecticut, has criticized the central bank for lax supervision and introduced legislation this month that would strip bank oversight from the Fed and create a single bank regulator. Dodd would also limit the central bank’s ability to loan to individual companies.
“Congress has a lot of public support for an attack on the Fed,” Allan Meltzer, a Fed historian and professor at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, said in an interview Nov. 23. “They bailed out everybody in sight.”
The Standard & Poor’s 500 Index slid 1.7 percent to 1,091.49 in New York while two-year Treasury yields fell to the lowest level since December.
Dodd and Representative Barney Frank, chairman of the House Financial Services Committee, want to take away the Fed’s rule- writing power on consumer financial products and give it to a new Consumer Financial Protection Agency.
“The Federal Reserve, like other regulators around the world, did not do all that it could have to constrain excessive risk-taking in the financial sector in the period leading up to the crisis,” Bernanke said. The Fed has reviewed its performance and “moved aggressively to fix the problems,” he added easy payday loans.
Trigger Losses
As the subprime mortgage crisis began to trigger losses in bank portfolios, Bernanke used emergency authority last year to purchase securities from Bear Stearns Cos. and facilitate its merger with JPMorgan Chase & Co.
Bernanke also pushed the Fed’s backstop lending beyond banks, setting up programs to support the commercial paper and asset-backed securities markets. The Fed Board approved the bank holding company applications of Goldman Sachs Group Inc. and Morgan Stanley, giving them access to the Fed’s loan window.
Under Bernanke, the Fed has more than doubled its assets to $2.21 trillion and become the lender of last resort to government bond dealers, banks, Wall Street firms and U.S. corporations. The central bank has also propped up markets for mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities that support credit to consumers, small businesses and commercial real estate.
Reform Bill
A financial regulatory reform bill proposed by Frank, a Democrat from Massachusetts, would limit Fed emergency lending to broadly available credit programs. The Frank bill preserves the Obama administration’s proposal to make the Fed the lead regulator of risk across the financial system.
The central bank’s independence is also under fire from both chambers of Congress. Frank’s committee advanced a proposal this month to remove a three-decade ban on congressional audits of Fed interest-rate decisions. The proposal was offered by Representative Ron Paul, a Republican from Texas, and based on a bill with more than 300 co-sponsors.
Bernanke said studies show that central banks independent of political influence tend to keep inflation and interest rates lower than their less independent counterparts.
“The general repeal of that exemption would serve only to increase the perceived influence of Congress on monetary policy decisions, which would undermine the confidence the public and the markets have in the Fed to act in the long-term economic interest of the nation,” Bernanke said.
Under the proposal by Dodd, commercial banks would lose their power to appoint directors of the 12 regional Fed banks. Instead, directors would be chosen by the Fed’s Senate-confirmed governors, and each board chairman would be appointed by the president of the United States and subject to Senate approval.
The proposal would create political oversight of the Fed bank presidents, who are among the most vocal proponents on the Federal Open Market Committee for keeping inflation low.
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